Amino Acids, 1. Production

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1 Introduction and History 2 Properties 2.1 Physical Properties and Structure 2.2 Chemical Properties 2.3 Important Amino Acids 2.3.1 Proteinogenic Amino Acids 2.3.2 Other Important Amino Acids 3 Industrial Production of Amino Acids 3.1 General Methods 3.2 Production of Specific Amino Acids: Progress and Methodology 3.2.1 l ‐Alanine 3.2.2 l ‐Arginine 3.2.3 l ‐Aspartic Acid and Asparagine 3.2.4 l ‐Cystine and l ‐Cysteine 3.2.5 l ‐Glutamic Acid 3.2.6 l ‐Glutamine 3.2.7 Glycine 3.2.8 l ‐Histidine 3.2.9 l ‐Hydroxyproline 3.2.10 l ‐Isoleucine 3.2.11 l ‐Leucine 3.2.12 l ‐Lysine 3.2.13 l ‐Methionine, d,l ‐Methionine, and Methionine‐Hydroxy‐Analogue 3.2.14 l ‐Phenylalanine 3.2.15 l ‐Proline 3.2.16 l ‐Serine 3.2.17 l ‐Threonine 3.2.18 l ‐Tryptophan 3.2.19 l ‐Tyrosine 3.2.20 l ‐Valine 4 Biochemical and Physiological Significance 4.1 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Amino Acids 4.2 Physiological Role of Amino Acids 4.3 Significance of d ‐Amino Acids 4.4 Amino Acid Requirements 4.5 End Products and Excretion Acknowledgment