European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition – organised cancer screening programmes

The 5th edition of the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC5) recommends sustainable, organised screening programmes for: (a) colorectal cancer using biennial quantitative faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for individuals aged 50-74 years. As an alternative strategy, once-only endoscopy may be considered within the same age range; (b) breast cancer using biennial digital mammography for women aged 50-69 years. Implementing this strategy for women aged 45-49 years and 70-74 years can be considered. Other screening strategies or additional examinations could be considered for women with high mammographic density; (c) cervical cancer using human papillomavirus (HPV) screening at intervals no shorter than 5 years for women aged 30-65 years. It is recommended to adapt policies according to vaccination status and screening history; and (d) lung cancer using annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for individuals considered to be at increased risk of lung cancer based on age, history of smoking or validated risk models, with biennial screening as an alternative. Screening should incorporate smoking cessation interventions.