Index

a accessibility and inclusivity 589.see also ethical considerations and user safety; human-centric design; multimodal interactions access barriers 593 accessibility features 592 auditory impairments 594-596 cognitive challenges 598-599 cultural sensitivity 600-601 digital divide 589, 601 emotional accessibility 599-600 hearing thresholds 595-596 inclusive user interfaces and experiences 601-602 localization and adaptability 601 mobility and interaction accessibility 596-598 multicultural and global contexts 600 principles of accessible and inclusive design 590-592 sensory impairments 48, 572, 590 visual impairments 593-594 acoustic models.see also audio signal processing; speech recognition CNN-based language models 435 deep neural network models (DNNs) 426 gated recurrent units (GRUs) 431-432 Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) 425-426 Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) 425-426 hybrid HMM-DNN models 427 language models 427-435 large language models (LLMs) 432-435 long short-term memory (LSTM) networks 430-431 model training and fine-tuning 436 N-grams 427-430 noise reduction 423-424 recurrent neural network models (RNNs) 429-432 transformer architecture 432-435 action potentials 479 affordability 105, 255, 601 AI. see artificial intelligence amygdala 306-307, 332 ancestor simulations.see simulation hypothesis animation and motion keyframe animation and interpolation 140-141 procedural animation and simulation 142 skeletal animation and rigging 141 API (Application Programming Interfaces) 151, 362, 401, 542 Apple Vision Pro 41-43, 93, 248, 530, 532, 534-535 applications.see also applications of multimodal interactions; case studies arts, culture, and tourism 568-572 cultural preservation and exploration 569 education and accessibility in arts and tourism 572 639 Virtual and Augmented Reality: Fundamentals and Applications, First Edition.Achintya K. Bhowmik.