Organometallic Halide Perovskites

There is a need for energy sources that are clean and environmentally friendly for the replacement of fossil fuels (nonrenewable energy). This growing concern has driven the advancement of renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, as a sustainable solution for electricity generation without contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, harnessing solar power through photovoltaic (PV) technology has emerged as a highly promising approach, capturing the attention of researchers worldwide who are striving to enhance its efficiency and accessibility. Today, inorganic-based solar cell technology is generally beaten by organic-based PV technology due to highly expensive production, as organic PVs are easily affordable due to the cheap solution-processable, earth-abundant materials. Thus, mass production of organic PV is possible, which could sufficiently provide the majority of our energy demands. As a result, organometal halide perovskite (OHP) materials have emerged as highly efficient candidates for use as the active layer in PV devices. These materials offer the potential for achieving higher power conversion efficiencies while also enabling the development of lightweight, cost-effective, and flexible solar cells. Their exceptional properties contribute significantly to advancing global energy solutions and improving living standards. Moreover, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly evolved as a breakthrough technology, with their power conversion efficiency (PCE) now surpassing 24%. The remarkable electronic and optical characteristics of perovskite materials, which distinguish them from other solution-processed materials, have propelled them into a new era of scientific and technological innovation, particularly in the fields of photonics and electronics. Herein, we have presented background and introduction to the structural, electronic, and charge transport characteristics of perovskites since their beginning in the field of optoelectronics. A discussion about the various types of optoelectronic devices, including PSCs, photodetectors (PDs), and perovskite-based LEDs, is also presented. This article may direct us toward a more efficient and sustainable electronic world.