Unveiling Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Diseases

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of illness and death among women. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CAD differ between sexes, yet these differences are often under-recognized. This chapter aims to highlight and raise awareness of the burden and unique aspects of CAD in women. It discusses the distinct pathophysiology of CAD in women, examines cardiovascular risk factors (both traditional and sex specific), describes the clinical presentation of CAD in women, and explores the range of diseases from obstructive to nonobstructive CAD in females. Additionally, it addresses the role of proteomics in uncovering sex differences in CVD.