Using Mixed Methods to Explore Socio‐Technical Infrastructure Systems

Civil engineering research has traditionally focused on quantitative approaches to address infrastructure design and functionality. However, the increasing recognition that infrastructure is a socio-technical system has highlighted the need for qualitative approaches to better understand the human factors influencing system performance. Researchers are exploring mixed-method approaches—integrating both quantitative and qualitative data—to gain a more comprehensive understanding of socio-technical infrastructure systems (STIS). Despite their potential, the application of mixed methods in STIS research remains limited due to unclear guidance on the different mixed-method designs and their specific purposes. This chapter reviews key mixed-method designs relevant to STIS research, beginning with an overview of foundational quantitative and qualitative approaches. It clarifies their purposes and addresses common misconceptions before exploring how mixed-method designs can leverage the strengths of both approaches. By offering nuanced insights into the complexities of STIS, mixed methods hold promise for enhancing infrastructure design and management.