Cesarean Section

The primary indication for cesarean section (C-section) is treatment or prevention of dystocia, which is particularly common in brachycephalic breeds. Elective C-section must be scheduled as close to full term as possible; this can be based on hormone or fetal ultrasound findings. Fetal distress is one indication of an emergency C-section. Most anesthetics will eventually reach the neonate, so surgery should proceed rapidly after anesthetic induction. C-sections are performed through a midline celiotomy. To remove the puppies or kittens, the uterus can be incised over its body or along each horn; the latter is useful for large litters. A team should be available to resuscitate, examine, and care for the neonates. If the mother's health is in danger, the uterus and ovaries can be removed en bloc and opened by a team member to extract the neonates.