Cybersecurity Threats in Digital Agriculture

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and digital technologies with agriculture has transformed conventional farming methods, giving birth to the age of smart agriculture. The technological revolution, however, brings with it enormous cybersecurity threats to all layers of the agri-ecosystem. The research synthesizes evidence from 22 recent and peer-reviewed sources to provide an exhaustive overview of the present state of cybersecurity in smart agriculture. Literature pinpoints new threats of cyber attacks, including side-channel attacks, data breaches, ransomware, and sensor spoofing, as well as growing IoT-enablement of farms and supply chains. Intrusion detection and predictive threat analytics are highlighted as AI key applications, coupled with socio-cultural and ethical implications of privacy, awareness of farmers, and policy gaps. While significant strides have been made, there are still challenges in the scalable, adaptive, and context-sensitive application of cybersecurity frameworks. In addition, real-world evaluations on my Sense and the Cyber Shield Framework provide actual defense frameworks, but empirical proof is needed. This review stresses the need for multidisciplinary research, education of farmers, regulatory policies, and AI-based threat reduction practices to guarantee the safe development of digital agriculture.