Risk Assessment and Cybersecurity Strategies for Agricultural Systems

The aggressive digitalization of the agricultural sector—characterized by the convergence of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and precision technologies—has brought tremendous cybersecurity risks. With smart farming systems becoming more dependent on networked sensors, cloud platforms, and autonomous equipment, they open themselves up to a wide range of cyber threats ranging from data breaches and ransomware, DDoS attacks, to system tampering. This review consolidates evidence from 22 recent studies that examine cyber threats in smart agriculture, from dairy farms and beef markets to climate-smart and IoT-based farming. The findings show that the absence of cybersecurity awareness, weak regulatory enforcement, and restricted access to secure infrastructure are critical impediments to resilience, particularly in developing areas. Various studies underscore the necessity of adaptive, AI-assisted defense systems like deep learning models, threat intelligence systems, and secure data governance models. In addition, cyberbiosecurity is promoted as a new field that is crucial to food safety and national security. This abstract hopes to synthesize multidisciplinary approaches, providing a holistic basis for policymakers, technologists, and farmers to establish scalable, sustainable, and robust cybersecurity solutions in agriculture.