A Technological Turn in Agriculture

The agricultural digitalization, typically encapsulated within the Agriculture 4.0 concept, is a paradigm shift that is fueled by cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, blockchain, and precision agriculture equipment. This review consolidates evidence from an exhaustive set of recent academic sources, pointing to pivotal innovations, trends, and challenges defining the international agri-food industry. Digitalization offers better decision-making, optimization of resources, and improved productivity, alongside contributing to sustainability as well as climate resilience. Yet adoption is hindered by constraints such as digital illiteracy, infrastructure deficits, data governance challenges, and the readiness of the workforce. Research underscores inclusive policy approaches, inter-sector cooperation, as well as human-focused AI design to provide inclusive access and long-term advantages. Bibliometric and case study analysis reveal regional differences, with nations such as China, Brazil, and EU members illustrating considerable advancement through strategic adoption. Moreover, the contributions of social media, education, and training programs toward promoting digital knowledge are highlighted. With agriculture remaining an increasingly data-driven sector, its successful transformation relies on addressing socioeconomic inequalities and linking emerging technologies to conventional practices.