Stability Analysis of Grid‐forming Converters

The role of certain grid-connected converters is evolving from conventional grid-following (GFL) operation to grid-forming (GFM) operation, enabling them to provide additional services such as standalone power supply, autonomous load balancing, and synchronous inertia. Modern GFM converters functionally mimic the mechanical response of traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Their synthetic inertia enhances the grid's resilience to frequency changes, allowing other systems time to respond and restore power balance. Furthermore, these converters can actively support the grid by delivering reactive power, providing voltage support, and improving overall grid stability. The recent developments and control variants of GFM converters will be introduced, and the stability characteristics distinct from conventional GFL converters will be identified.