Diets for Cancer Treatment: Is Any Science Behind It?

This chapter critically evaluates dietary interventions, specifically the ketogenic diet (KD) and fasting, as complementary therapies in cancer treatment for humans and veterinary oncology. It synthesizes current scientific evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials, to assess the benefits and mechanisms of dietary strategies in cancer management. The chapter highlights the metabolic theory of cancer, which posits that mitochondrial dysfunction and altered cellular metabolism are central to cancer development. Key concepts include the Warburg effect, mitochondrial retrograde signaling, and the role of cancer stem cells in therapy resistance. The chapter also addresses misconceptions regarding diet and cancer prevention in pets, emphasizing species-specific nutritional requirements and the limitations of translating human dietary strategies to veterinary contexts. While some evidence supports the potential of dietary interventions, the chapter underscores the heterogeneity of cancer and the need for further research to validate these approaches. The KD, characterized by high fat, moderate protein, and very low carbohydrate intake, aims to lower blood glucose levels and increase ketone body production, potentially inhibiting cancer cell growth.