Canine Splenic Stromal Cell Tumors

Canine splenic stromal cell tumors (SSCTs) present a diagnostic challenge due to histopathological heterogeneity and varied clinical outcomes. Prior to 2012, splenic fibrohistiocytic nodules (SFHNs) were commonly diagnosed, encompassing both benign and malignant diseases with 1-year survival rates ranging from 32 to 87%. In 2012, Moore et al. reclassified SFHNs into distinct entities, including nodular hyperplasia, lymphoma, stromal sarcomas, and histiocytic sarcomas. Subsequent studies refined these classifications, identifying undifferentiated stromal sarcoma as a distinct entity with a poor prognosis. Key findings include significant differences in survival times between dogs with stromal sarcoma and complex nodular hyperplasia (CNH), with mitotic counts influencing survival outcomes. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic cases to severe hemoabdomen necessitating thorough diagnostic work-up. Treatment options depend on histopathological findings, with splenectomy often recommended for malignant tumors. Adjuvant therapy is not recommended for tumors with a mitotic count of 9 or fewer, but vigilant monitoring is essential. The chapter underscores the importance of accurate histopathological diagnosis and tailored treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes. Management of SSCTs in dogs focuses on adjuvant therapy, targeted therapy, and prognosis.