Breeding Soundness Examination of the Female

Clinical examination of the female is the first step in working up any reproductive disorder and for the pre-purchase of valuable animals. This chapter covers the general physical examination, examination of the reproductive system, and evaluation of the mammary gland. The main clinical signs of common health disorders are presented, followed by a detailed description of methods for examining reproductive function and the udder. A complete and illustrated description of the ultrasonographic evaluation of the reproductive tract in the non-pregnant female is provided. Normal and abnormal conformation and ultrasonography of the mammary glands, as well as ancillary tests to detect mastitis, are discussed.