Embryo Technologies

Embryo technologies include the transfer of in vivo-derived or in vitro-produced embryos. These technologies are crucial for maximizing return on female genetics. This chapter describes in detail multiple ovulation and embryo transfer programs, including donor preparation, superovulation programs, embryo collection techniques, and the factors affecting embryo yield. Methods of embryo collection—laparotomy, laparoscopy, and non-surgical techniques—are discussed and illustrated. Embryo evaluation according to the International Embryo Technology Society manual is presented. The principles of embryo cryopreservation using the slow conventional method and vitrification are described. Embryo recipients’ selection and preparation, as well as the method of embryo transfer, are discussed, and expected results are presented. In vitro embryo production is gaining in importance; all the steps involved in this technology are explained, including oocyte collection, oocyte maturation, sperm selection, fertilization, and embryo culture. A brief discussion of intracytoplasmic sperm injection, cloning, and gene editing concludes the chapter.