Sustainability Assessment of Genetically Engineered Biocatalysts Producing Biofuels and Biochemicals

The growing global population and the increasing demand for sustainable biofuels and biochemicals highlight the necessity for the development of efficient alternatives with reduced environmental impacts. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are emerging as potential tools for the effective conversion of biomass into biofuels and value-added biochemicals. The utilization of GMOs presents a range of benefits, including enhanced process efficiency, alternative production pathways, and the use of diversified raw materials. Nevertheless, there are also concerns regarding the potential environmental and social impacts, as well as the high costs associated with research and the final industrial process. In order to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of GMO applications, a range of analytical tools can be employed. These include techno-economic evaluations to assess economic feasibility, life cycle analyses to evaluate environmental sustainability, and social life cycle assessments to assess social impacts. Furthermore, case studies and bibliometric analyses provide additional insights into the diverse applications of GMOs. Finally, metabolic modeling tools can assist in optimizing GMO performance, refining bioprocesses, and enhancing efficiency. The use of GMOs can be more efficient than natural organisms. However, comprehensive economic, environmental, and social assessments are essential to address sustainability and security concerns and ensure industrial viability.