Sustainable Appproaches for the Synthesis of Biogenic Nanoparticles Using Egg and Biogenic Nanomedicine

Biogenic exploration has been stimulated by the increasing demand for sustainable nanotechnology approaches to nanoparticle synthesis. Eggs and their derivatives represent significant biological resources with components such as eggshells, albumen, and yolk serving as versatile and environmentally benign platforms for synthesizing valuable nanoparticles. This review examines the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of egg materials that facilitate green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, including gold (AuNPs), silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO), calcium oxide (CaO), and nickel oxide (NiO). The biomolecules present in eggs function as natural reducing, stabilizing, and templating agents, enabling nanoparticle synthesis under mild, aqueous, and ambient conditions. Eggshells, typically considered as biowaste, provide a calcium scaffold that can be processed to yield active materials for catalytic and biomedical applications. The proteins in egg whites and lipids in yolk demonstrate remarkable biocompatibility, enhancing the efficacy of nanoparticles in drug delivery, biosensing, bone regeneration, and antimicrobial therapies. This review also addresses biogenic synthesis-controlling parameters such as pH, temperature, and precursor concentration, while emphasizing the alignment of these processes with green chemistry principles, including waste valorization, energy efficiency, and avoidance of hazardous chemicals. This article offers insights into future considerations, encompassing lifecycle analysis, scale-up methodologies, and the development of next-generation biogenic nanomedicines with multifunctional responsive capabilities.