Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Viruses and Biogenic Sustainable Nanotherapeutics

Biogenic nanoparticle (NP) synthesis using microorganisms has emerged as a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional chemical and physical methods. Viruses, as biological platforms, offer distinct advantages over synthetic NPs in biomedical applications due to their nanoscale size, structural uniformity, and genetic flexibility. These characteristics make viruses effective templates for NP synthesis, driving advancements in nanomedicine and targeted therapies. Moreover, their ability to ensure favorable biodistribution and interact precisely with cells enhances their potential in therapeutic applications. This chapter explores the transformative potential of biogenic and virus-mediated NP synthesis in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental science, aligning with the global shift toward sustainable technologies. Despite being promising, using biogenic NPs involves challenges, including gaps in understanding their molecular mechanisms, degradation pathways, and biodistribution. Further, issues such as scaling-up production, ensuring reproducibility, and addressing toxicity concerns must be addressed. Functionalized virus-like particles and virus nanoparticles enhance targeting capabilities, offering promising tools for precise therapies. As viral nanotechnology evolves, these formulations are expected to play a pivotal role in advancing nanomedicine and targeted treatments.