Information Warfare: Space, Cyber, and Information Operations Capabilities

Warfare in the information domain is already occurring daily. Russian and Chinese doctrines prioritize the information domain to offset US military strengths. This chapter is a guide to the study of space, cyber, and information operations (IO) capabilities alongside intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. This chapter approaches the analysis through four key functions: gaining information, sharing information, information influence, and information denial and manipulation. The chapter details the diverse means and methods used to collect and disseminate intelligence, the complexities of communications and intelligence sharing, and the strategic use of information to influence or disrupt adversaries. It underscores the rapid pace, yet long preparation required for effective information operations, as well as the evolving technological landscape across domains. By analyzing organizational structures, technological investments, and operational practices, the chapter provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and countering information-centric threats in contemporary conflict.