Dyeing with Direct (Substantive) Dyes

Since dyeing can be done cheaply and easily, direct dyes were used extensively in the past for dyeing cotton and regenerated cellulose fibres. The use of this dye class has decreased today, especially due to the limited wet fastness in dark colours. In this chapter, after providing information about the structure and classification, fastness properties and end-uses of direct dyes, it is explained in detail how to dye with these dyes according to both exhaustion and impregnation (pad-batch, pad-jig, pad-steam, etc.) methods.