Overview of Membrane Separation Technology

Membrane separation technology is essential in modern environmental and industrial processes, offering efficient solutions for purification, filtration, and resource recovery. Acting as selective barriers, membranes allow the passage of specific molecules based on size, charge, or chemical affinity, enabling broad applications in seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, gas purification, and food processing. By tailoring membrane properties, systems can be optimized for improved efficiency and sustainability. This chapter presents an overview of membrane separation, beginning with key definitions and classifications, followed by a historical perspective on the evolution of natural and synthetic membranes. It also examines recent advancements and future directions in the field. Through this structured approach, readers will gain a clear understanding of membrane behavior, separation mechanisms, and the pivotal role these technologies play in addressing global environmental and industrial challenges.