Materials, Configuration, and Synthesis of Separation Membranes

This chapter explores the materials, configurations, and synthesis methods of separation membranes, which are critical to the performance and functionality of membrane-based technologies. Membrane materials ranging from polymers and ceramics to emerging nanomaterials like graphene and Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) determine key properties such as permeability, selectivity, and stability. The structural configuration, including symmetric, asymmetric, and composite membranes, directly influences mass transport and separation efficiency. Various fabrication techniques such as phase inversion, interfacial polymerization, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly are discussed, highlighting their influence on membrane morphology and performance. Special attention is given to recent advancements in green and sustainable synthesis methods aimed at reducing environmental impact. By understanding the relationship between membrane composition, structure, and synthesis, researchers can better design membranes for targeted applications in water treatment, gas separation, and resource recovery. This chapter provides a foundational framework for selecting and engineering separation membranes to meet evolving environmental and industrial challenges.