AI‐Based Frequency Regulation for a Deregulated Two‐Area Power System

Maintenance of power quality, especially system frequency and voltage stability are important for reliable power system operation. The essential role of Load Frequency Control exists in controlling both frequency fluctuations and tieline power flow changes that arise from abrupt changes in load conditions. The restructuring and deregulation of electricity systems require LFC strategies to evolve in order to fulfill electricity industry requirements. This part examines LFC within two-area market structures by incorporating wind turbines with Doubly Fed Induction Generator. The wind unit controls inertia, enhancing LFC performance. While conventional Proportional-Integral controllers offer effective regulation, determining optimal gain constants remains a challenge. To address this, an AI-based LFC approach is utilized to optimize control parameters. Performance evaluation depends on the Integral Square Error criterion. AI-driven LFC brings substantial advantages to frequency regulation through its capacity to make immediate changes in power generation. But there are also major issues associated with it, which include data integrity challenges, cyber threats, as well as deficiencies in AI models. Operational risks are also reduced by integrating resilience techniques, real-time monitoring, and compliance with regulations. System dynamics are analyzed under both bilateral contract conditions and contract violations. The results showing that the suggested AI based PI controller maximize response efficiency, and the combination of wind energy enhances overall system performance.