Heavy Metals Contamination

Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) are found in nature and pose significant risks to living beings, especially human health. These metals generally originate from both geo-genic and anthropogenic sources, such as industrial processes, agricultural runoff, mining, rock weathering, and improper waste management. Once heavy metals are inside the human body through contaminated air, water, and food sources, they can disrupt normal physiological functions and lead to a range of acute and chronic health conditions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of heavy metal toxicity on human health, detailing the mechanisms through which these metals exert their harmful effects and the associated health outcomes. Heavy metal exposure is particularly detrimental to neurological, cardiovascular, nephrological, and dermatological development in children and adults. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these metals further exacerbate health risks. Therefore, this chapter also explores the effect of heavy metals on humans and provides some innovative technologies for remediating heavy metals from contaminated soil and water ecosystems. Effective management of heavy metal exposure involves stringent environmental regulations, improved waste management, and regular monitoring of contaminants in food and water sources.