Electromagnetism

Maxwell's equations remain the reference model for electromagnetism, even if now numerous tensor and potential covariant formulations can be found. Maxwell's mathematical model is a set of partial differential equations describing the behavior of electric and magnetic circuits, classical optics, and in general, classical electromagnetism. The microscopic version in terms of magnetic and electric fields, sometimes called Maxwell's equations in a vacuum, is improved in classical electromagnetism by a macroscopic version that instead relates to a continuum-based approach. Fluid-structure interactions coupled with electromagnetism can be addressed with a monolithic approach by considering that the equations of electromagnetism and those of mechanics are the same. Light waves are electromagnetic waves like any other, they obey the same physical laws.