Conductivity Analyzers

Today, conductance and resistance measurements are made with conductivity analyzers to measure total ionic concentration of electrolyte samples. This chapter discusses the properties of solutions, processes at electrodes, and common conductance measurement techniques. It also discusses conductivity cells, instrumentation, and several applications along with resistivity measurement. The cell conductance, which is the input resistance of the measuring amplifier, is output as a voltage proportional to the conductivity of the solution being measured. Synchronous demodulators remove noise and other interferences from the measurement signals and provide dc voltage level signals proportional to solution conductivity. One way to eliminate electrode polarization effects is to eliminate the electrodes. Techniques for this are called electrodeless conductivity. Modern conductivity analyzers, with on-board computers, provide essential features such as temperature-correction to reference values, digital display of concentration data from measured conductivity values, controller functionality, self-diagnostics, and calculations specific to the user's needs.