Researching Listening: Mixed Methods Research

Abstract Mixed methods research (MMR) is an important approach in second language (L2) listening studies, where researchers leverage the merits of quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the complex and multifaceted nature of L2 listening. This entry provides an overview of MMR in L2 listening by discussing research across five major strands: listening instruction, listening strategies, listening assessment, listener individual differences, and modes of listening input. For each strand, representative studies are reviewed to highlight how the MMR approach allows researchers to generate a comprehensive understanding of L2 listening. Recent methodological advances, such as neurocognitive instruments and generative artificial intelligence, are also discussed in relation to their implications for expanding traditional notions of MMR.