Nanomaterials in Energy Storage

An economical and environmentally sustainable energy storage device is a primary issue for mitigating environmental contamination, which is predominantly caused by fossil fuels. Rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are potential energy storage technologies due to their high energy and power densities. However, the limiting power densities of batteries hinder their application in electric and hybrid electric cars. To improve the efficiency of these devices for storage, nanotechnology and nanomaterials will play a critical role in the current energy market. Nanomaterials (NMs) bring extreme promise for a future wave of energy storage materials with high storage capacity, fast recharging capability, and better stability than bulk material counterparts. Among various nanomaterials, 2D nanomaterials exhibit an abundance of intriguing features, including extensive active surfaces and accessible ion diffusion pathways, facilitating rapid transport and storage of lithium ions and other species. In this chapter, nanomaterial platforms including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials are thoroughly discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. This chapter also covers the fundamental process governing energy storage devices by nanomaterials. The basic principles, mechanisms, and role of nanomaterials in rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are briefly explained. Lastly, the future outlook of nanomaterials in energy storage devices is briefly discussed.