Introduction

Paper-based functional materials (PFMs) are sustainable, cost-effective alternatives to traditional materials, combining plant fibers with functional additives (e.g., nanocellulose, polymers, and minerals) via papermaking techniques. Their customizable properties—mechanical strength, thermal insulation, flame retardancy, and biodegradability—enable applications in aerospace, healthcare, electronics, and eco-friendly packaging. Starch derivatives enhance paper quality and reduce resource consumption, while nanocellulose, with its high strength and lightweight nature, offers potential to replace plastics and metals. Innovations like energy-storing paper and carbon fiber composites highlight PFMs' versatility. Economically, PFMs improve efficiency; modified starches in China's paper industry save 10–35% pulp and reduce energy use by 5–15%. Socially, they address plastic pollution through biodegradable solutions. Future advancements focus on scalable technologies (e.g., foam forming) and novel products (e.g., degradable mulches). Despite challenges in commercialization, PFMs are pivotal for sustainable industrial development, demanding collaborative research to maximize their global impact.