Heating

In industry, large amounts of the primary energy carriers are consumed directly to generate process heat using furnaces. Heat integration has led to significant reduction in the energy costs, and thus emissions of greenhouse gases, in the process industry. This may be further reduced by replacing fossil fuels with alternative fuels, and some of the aspects are discussed. Alternatively, electrification of the process industry may be achieved by utilising heat pumps, resistive heaters, microwave heaters, induction furnaces and electric arc furnaces. The implementation of these technologies and their efficiency are highlighted. Heat storage, to counter intermittency in power supply, is also discussed.