Defect Behavior of Carbon Nitride ( g‐C 3 N 4 ) as Efficient Feedstock in Photocatalytic Reactions

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has gained recognition as a highly promising photocatalyst owing to its unique structure, remarkable stability, and environment friendly properties. This chapter explores recent advancements in the synthesis and applications of defect-engineered g-C 3 N 4 , with a particular focus on its photocatalytic activity. A range of approaches, including doping with metals and nonmetals, introducing vacancies, and structural modifications have been employed to overcome the limitations of pristine g-C 3 N 4 , including high-charge carrier recombination and limited light absorption. Here, key applications of defect-engineered g-C 3 N 4 are discussed, including hydrogen generation through water splitting, and CO 2 reduction to hydrocarbon fuels, pollutant degradation, and bacterial disinfection. Experimental and computational studies have provided critical insights into the mechanisms underlying these enhancements, laying the foundation for the strategic development of advanced photocatalysts. This chapter briefly highlights the transformative potential of defect-engineered g-C 3 N 4 in addressing energy and environmental challenges.