Hybrid High‐Entropy Vibration Energy Harvester for Self‐Powered Sensing in Smart Railways

ABSTRACT To meet the energy supply requirements for passive sensor nodes in the intelligent development of rail transit, this study has designed a hybrid high‐entropy vibration energy harvester (HVH). This device integrates a spring multi‐layer sheet triboelectric nanogenerator (S‐TENG), a magnetic levitation electromagnetic generator (L‐EMG), and a suspension disc piezoelectric nanogenerator (D‐PENG) within a limited space. Through a collaborative working mechanism, it significantly broadens the energy collection frequency band and increases the output power. Additionally, by preparing high‐performance composite nanofilms and combining charge excitation technology, the charge density of the triboelectric nanogenerator was significantly increased to 7.1 mC m −2 , which was 15.7 times higher than that without excitation. Thanks to the efficient integration of the HVH, achieved a maximum power density of 1.274 kW m −3 . Further, a low‐power power management circuit was developed to integrate three‐phase electrical energy output, to improve the charging rate of capacitors. Based on this, a self‐powered Internet of Things (IoT) system for railway trains was constructed, enabling remote monitoring of the operating status of rail transit. This research is of important significance for promoting the innovation of high‐entropy vibration energy capture technology and provides a viable pathway towards maintenance‐free, self‐powered monitoring for intelligent railway systems.