Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofibers for Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Performance Enhancement Strategies and Emerging Applications

In the quest for next-generation sustainable energy systems, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a pivotal technology for converting mechanical energy into electrical power, especially at the micro and nanoscale. Among various structural platforms, fibrous materials, particularly those produced via electrospinning, have demonstrated exceptional potential for TENG development due to their tunable morphology, lightweight nature, mechanical flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. These characteristics are critical for enhancing the interfacial charge generation and transfer that underpin triboelectric performance. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the latest advances in fibrous materials for TENGs, with a particular focus on material innovations, structural design strategies, and performance optimization techniques. Emphasis is placed on the role of hybrid nanocomposites, core-shell configurations, surface functionalization, and alignment control in maximizing electrical output and operational durability. Additionally, the paper surveys emerging application areas such as wearable electronics, self-powered sensors, smart textiles, biomedical monitoring, and human-machine interaction systems. By bridging fundamental material science with practical design paradigms, this review identifies critical bottlenecks and lays out future research directions toward scalable, efficient, and environmentally friendly fibrous TENG technologies.