Nonlinear Magnetic Triboelectric‐Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester

ABSTRACT To enable track vibration monitoring and enhance energy conversion efficiency, this paper proposes a nonlinear magnetic triboelectric‐electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (NM‐TEH) designed for low‐frequency vibration environments. The NM‐TEH integrates three permanent magnets and two springs to form a nonlinear resonant structure and adopts a hybrid energy conversion mechanism that combines triboelectric and electromagnetic generation. This configuration enables efficient energy harvesting across a broad frequency range. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) module provides high voltage output, while the electromagnetic generator (EMG) module delivers high current output. As a result, the coupled system achieves significantly improved charging performance compared to the individual modules. For example, when charging a 22 µF capacitor, the coupled module reaches 5 V within 49 s, demonstrating a faster and more efficient energy storage capability. A support vector machine (SVM) model trained on the electrical outputs achieves over 90 percent accuracy in predicting vibration response, indicating the feasibility of signal‐based data‐driven sensing. These results highlight the potential of the NM‐TEH for efficient energy harvesting and self‐powered vibration monitoring in railway transportation applications.