Metasurfaces Manipulating Polarization Evolution from the Perspectives of 2D/3D Real Space and Momentum Space

Abstract With the increasing demand for precise polarization control, metasurfaces composed of subwavelength structures emerge as a core approach due to their remarkable advantages in compactness, multifunctionality, and integrability. They show strong potential in advanced photonic applications such as optical communications, vector beam shaping, and quantum imaging. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in metasurface‐based polarization manipulation across 2D real space, 3D real space, and momentum space. In 2D control, resonant phase, Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase and hybrid‐phase design enable modulation of polarization, amplitude, and phase of scalar and vector beams, laying the groundwork for high‐dimensional optical field modulation. In 3D control, both spin‐decoupling and non‐spin‐decoupling mechanisms realize continuous evolution of longitudinal polarization states, polarization trajectory engineering, and dynamic modulation—advancing metasurface devices from planar polarization elements toward volumetric optical field modulators. Momentum‐space control primarily focuses on bound states in the continuum (BICs) and quasi‐BICs (qBICs), where chiral qBICs exhibit unique advantages in circular polarization and narrowband high‐ Q responses. This review outlines design strategies and physical mechanisms of representative metasurface‐based polarization control methods, highlighting recent advances in functional integration, dimensional expansion, and reconfigurable responses.