Recent Advances in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Catalyst Design, Reaction Mechanisms, and Process Engineering

ABSTRACT Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) offers a versatile route for converting syngas from coal, natural gas, and biomass into liquid fuels and chemical intermediates, and remains central to the development of cleaner carbon‐conversion technologies. This review provides an integrated overview of recent progress in FTS, with emphasis on advances in catalyst design, mechanistic understanding, and process engineering. Developments from conventional Fe‐ and Co‐based catalysts to single‐atom and carbon‐supported systems are discussed, together with insights gained from in situ/operando studies and density functional theory. Emerging strategies in reactor architecture and techno‐economic analysis are also summarized. By linking molecular‐level understanding with engineering considerations, this review identifies key challenges and outlines opportunities for guiding FTS toward higher efficiency and greater sustainability.