Defining the growth stages of mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) using the BBCH scale

Abstract Mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) is a short‐duration, protein‐rich legume essential for diverse cropping systems and the emerging plant‐based protein industry. Despite its growing global footprint, a standardized phenological framework for accurately scheduling management practices, applying agrochemicals, and developing robust crop simulation models is currently lacking. To address this gap, the objective of this study was to systematically define and characterize mungbean growth stages for the first time using the universal two‐digit BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie) scale. This study documented and illustrated the key growth stages of mungbean from germination to maturity, correlating them with days after planting and accumulated growing degree days. It outlines the principal growth stages (PS) as follows: germination (PS‐0), leaf development (PS‐1), stem elongation (PS‐3), flower bud development (PS‐5), flowering (PS‐6), fruit development (PS‐7), and ripening (PS‐8). Most importantly, this BBCH growth stages chart provides a practical tool for researchers and growers to standardize crop management practices, develop simulation models, and assess performance under various environmental conditions. Ultimately, this standardized scale enhances the precision of timing agricultural interventions, thereby supporting improved mungbean production.