Bleeding Diathesis in Hypotrichosis–Lymphedema–Telangiectasia Syndrome due to Decreased von Willebrand Factor

Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome (HLTS) is a congenital disorder characterized by lymphedema, telangiectasia, and hypotrichosis or alopecia, caused by mutations in the SRY-related high-mobility group box (SOX) 18 gene. We report the case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with aortic valve regurgitation, marbled skin, minor anomalies, and iron-deficiency anemia due to frequent mucosal bleeding. At 5 years of age, he experienced significant hemostatic difficulties following the extraction of a deciduous tooth. The usual doses of iron supplementation did not cure his iron-deficiency anemia. Blood coagulation analysis revealed a decreased platelet agglutination capacity, associated with reduced von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen levels and activity. Whole-genome sequencing at the age of 15 years did not identify any pathogenic variants in the VWF gene. However, this analysis revealed a heterozygous pathogenic variant of SOX18 (NM_018419.3: c.481C>T, p.Gln161Ter), which led to the diagnosis of HLTS. SOX18 plays a significant role in VWF expression in stem cells. vWF replacement therapy facilitated safe tooth extraction and stabilized hemoglobin levels. Decreased vWF may be a complication of HLTS, and vWF replacement therapy can significantly improve patients' quality of life.