Uncovering Aggregation‐Induced Emission in Carbon Dots for Color‐Changing Hydrogels and Information Encryption

ABSTRACT Since the discovery of carbon dots (CDs), the typical precursor combination of citric acid (CA)‐urea has been widely used in the scientific community to explore the formation mechanism and luminescence behavior of CDs. However, there have only been a few reports on the synthesis of CDs featuring aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. In this study, CA and urea were used to synthesize hydrophilic red‐emissive carbon dots (R‐CDs) that exhibit blue fluorescence in water (dispersed state) and red fluorescence in DMF (aggregated state). The study reveals that the photoluminescence of R‐CDs is governed by π–π stacking interactions between solute molecules as well as solvent effects between solute and solvent molecules, leading to solvent‐responsive emission behavior. By tuning the solvent polarity, the intermolecular distance between R‐CDs can be adjusted, thereby influencing their photoluminescent properties. Taking advantage of the solvent‐responsive color change, anticounterfeiting printing and information encryption applications were designed. Moreover, by combining R‐CDs with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), hydrogel‐based fluorescent information‐encoding materials were successfully fabricated.