Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles From Endostemon viscosus Leaf Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activities

ABSTRACT The green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) using Endostemon viscosus (Roth) M. R. Ashby leaf extract, in which the plant metabolites acted as reducing and capping agents. The green synthesized TiO 2 NPs exhibited an anatase crystalline phase with spherical morphology, good colloidal stability (zeta potential −23.1 mV), and particle sizes ranging from 50 to 110 nm. The nanoparticles demonstrated notable biological activities, showing enhanced antibacterial efficacy against Gram‐positive bacteria, strong antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays), significant anti‐inflammatory activity, and potent anticancer activity with a low IC 50 value (10.38 ± 1.93 μg/mL). These findings highlight the effectiveness of E. viscosus ‐mediated TiO 2 NPs and their promise as eco‐friendly nanomaterials for pharmaceutical and anticancer applications.