Canavalia gladiate Derived Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Attenuate Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in LPS‐Activated Macrophages

ABSTRACT Worldwide, inflammatory diseases such as asthma, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and related autoimmune disorders pose a significant health challenge, affecting millions of people and causing extensive comorbidity. In traditional management, anti‐inflammatory medicines (non‐steroidal) like aspirin, ibuprofen naproxen as well as diclofenac, are frequently used, which provide symptomatic relief, but often have adverse side effects. To address these limitations, there is need to developing safer and more efficient treatment agent. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using an eco‐friendly green synthesis approach utilizing Canavalia gladiata seeds (CGS‐ZnONPs), and their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities were investigated. The characterization was performed using UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. UV–visible spectral analysis showed a characteristic absorption peak at 311 nm, confirming ZnO nanoparticle formation. SEM images revealed the particles were spherical and EDX analysis confirmed their elemental makeup, with zinc representing 83.41% and oxygen representing 16.59%. The in vitro free radical scavenging potential of the phyto‐synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated at various concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 µg/mL) using DPPH, hydroxyl, ABTS, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and superoxide radical assays. Compared to standard controls, the nanoparticles showed a 475.5 g/mL IC 50 for protein denaturation inhibition. In addition, CGS‐ZnONPs were utilized to determine in vitro anti‐inflammatory potential by suppressing IL‐6 secretion from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The findings indicate that green‐synthesized CGS‐ZnONPs exhibit notable antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. These results highlight their potential as an eco‐friendly nanomaterial for future biomedical applications in inflammation‐related disorders and support further evaluation through in vivo studies.