Prediction Models for Acute Kidney Injury in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION: To systematically identify and synthesize the research on prediction models for acute kidney injury (AKI) in stroke patients. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 26, 2025. The fundamental characteristics of the included studies were extracted, including model construction, predictors, model performance, and presentation methods. RESULTS: A total of 35 prediction models were identified in this systematic review, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.428 to 1.000. Seven studies performed external validation. Common predictors included hypertension, serum creatinine levels, age, diuretic use, mechanical ventilation, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (NIHSS). CONCLUSIONS: The risk prediction model for AKI in stroke patients still needs to be developed. Despite demonstrating promising predictive capability, the models exhibited significant performance variability and an overall high risk of bias. Future research requires standardized development and validation of models to develop reliable prediction tools with minimal bias and enhanced applicability.