A Review of the Plant Sources, Chemical Properties, Pharmacological Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, and Clinical Applications of Rutin

Flavonoids represent a distinct category of therapeutic compounds characterized by a wide range of pharmacological properties. Rutin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, is prevalent as an active constituent in various vegetables, fruits, and herbs commonly consumed in daily diets. Rutin demonstrates a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory properties, antidiabetic potential, and anticancer capabilities. In addition, it offers protective benefits to the nervous system and vital organs, positioning it as a promising candidate for the treatment of numerous diseases and underscoring its significant therapeutic potential. Despite the low toxicity, safety, and cost-effectiveness of rutin analogs, their clinical application is restricted by poor water solubility and limited permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. Moreover, there is a paucity of studies addressing the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications of rutin. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of rutin's pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity profile, and clinical applications, with the objective of enhancing our understanding of this compound. It seeks to lay the foundation for the development and application of natural therapeutic agents.