Novel Approaching Imidazoles as Insecticidal Agents: Design, Synthesis, Toxicological, Biochemical, and Biological Effectiveness

ABSTRACT In this study, we create novel imidazoles containing ciprofloxacin moieties that have demonstrated potent insecticidal activity. The synthesis was finished using a one‐pot method involving imidazoles 3a–f , formaldehyde, and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, pyrazoles 11 and 12 were produced by the successful addition of benzothiazole and benzoxazole derivatives to the procedure. According to the data, all of the products that were tested demonstrated insecticidal efficacy against both Spodoptera littoralis larval instars, with adjustable levels. With LC 50 value of 4.55 mg/L against larvae in their second instar, compound 6 was the most toxic of all. The target goods were tested on cotton leafworm larvae in their second and fourth instars. In an additional attempt to marginally expand insecticidal materials, the latent effects of the examined prepared materials were evaluated on a variety of biological parameters, including adult longevity, pupal weight, proportion of normal and deformed pupae, adult emergence, fecundity, and egg hatchability. Additionally, using compound 6 to treat the fourth S. littoralis larvae showed significant alterations in biochemical examination, including acetylcholinesterase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glutathione S ‐transferase (GST), CaE, and total protein. These results provide insightful information about the continuous global search for more modern and efficient methods to manage insect resistance.