Propolis‐Based Hybrid Nanoflowers as Multifunctional Nanozymes: Structural Integration of Polyphenols for Enhanced Catalytic and Antioxidant Activity

ABSTRACT Propolis is a polyphenol‐rich natural resin with well‐documented antioxidant activity; however, its practical application is restricted by poor aqueous solubility and limited stability. Herein, propolis‐based organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Prp‐Nfs) were synthesized by integrating a propolis extract into a Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·3H 2 O matrix under mild aqueous conditions (0.8 mM Cu 2 + , pH 7.4, 25°C, 72 h). SEM and laser diffraction analyses confirmed the formation of uniform spherical Prp‐Nfs with a relatively narrow size distribution. EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses verified the formation of well‐integrated organic‐inorganic hybrid architecture arising from interactions between copper ions and propolis‐derived functional groups. Functionally, Prp‐Nfs exhibited markedly enhanced peroxidase‐like activity, reaching 2.76 EU mg − 1 at pH 7.4 and 40°C, while retaining 58.1% of their initial activity after five reuse cycles. Despite a lower total phenolic content, Prp‐Nfs demonstrated superior DPPH radical scavenging activity (94.4%) together with a substantial ABTS antioxidant capacity (475.6 µmol Trolox g − 1 ). Overall, these findings identify Prp‐Nfs as a propolis‐based hybrid nanozyme platform that combines peroxidase‐like catalytic activity with enhanced antioxidant functionality.