Impact of Ultrasound and Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Carpaine From Carica papaya (Linn.) Leaves

ABSTRACT Carica papaya leaves are renowned as a traditional remedy to treat dengue fever, with carpaine identified as the principal alkaloid. This study evaluated the effects of solvent type, duration, and technique on carpaine yield, phenolic recovery, and antioxidant capacity from papaya leaves. Extractions were performed with ethanol or water at different durations (3–30 min) for soaking with agitation (SA), ultrasound‐assisted (UE), and microwave‐assisted extraction (ME). ME with ethanol (15 min) extracted the highest amount of carpaine, whereas ME with water (7 min) provided the highest extraction yield, phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacities. Computer simulation confirmed ethanol as a more favorable medium for carpaine extraction due to enhanced heat and mass transfer. Overall, ME demonstrated superior efficiency for both carpaine and phenolic recovery at shorter durations, underscoring its potential for scalable production of bioactive extracts from papaya leaves.