Modeling and Simulation of Equivalent Series Resistance for Asymmetrical Supercapacitor

ABSTRACT Equivalent series resistance (ESR) is a critical factor limiting the performance and longevity of asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). Failed ASC analysis shows ESR imbalance as a major cause of degradation. This study uses statistical design of experiment (DoE) models for vertical and horizontal setups to tightly control ESR. A high coefficient of determination value confirms the validity of the model over a significant data variance. Accurate electrode loading control influences ESR variance more than metal oxide content, though their interaction also significantly affects ESR. With precise loading, ESR remains within a narrow, stable range across configurations. Controlled ESR directly influences the design and cost of cell balancing circuits. The study identifies better alternatives to metal oxides and activated carbon for enhanced performance. Finally, COMSOL thermal simulations show asymmetric cooling is a key for ASC performance and reliability.