Design and Biomedical Applications of Bioactive Clusters

Bioactive clusters exhibit diverse biological activities, including biocatalytic and optical activities, photothermal and photodynamic effects. These activities can be precisely tuned owing to the clusters' well-defined atom structures, which improve their biomedical applications, such as disease therapy, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the classification and bioactivities of bioactive clusters to elucidate design strategies for their rational construction. Following their therapeutic applications against tumors and oxidative stress, and inflammation-related diseases, with an emphasis on their biocatalysis and anti-inflammatory activities. We also highlighted their noninvasive imaging and 3D visualization capabilities and reviewed their associated modalities, with particular attention to integrated imaging-guided therapy. Finally, future perspectives on the development of bioactive clusters are discussed, including artificial intelligence-empowered rational design and activity programming, and biosafety evaluation, which will facilitate their clinical translation.