Nps ‐Expressing Neurons Receive Extensive Input From Auditory Brainstem Nuclei

Neurons that express Nps send output to brain regions implicated in circadian function and threat responses, but less is known about the afferent control of these neurons. In this study, we used a sensitive retrograde tracer, cholera toxin beta subunit (CTb), to identify afferents to the rostral-lateral parabrachial region that contains the main concentration of Nps-expressing neurons. We then used Cre-dependent rabies retrograde tracing in Nps-2A-Cre mice to identify inputs to Nps-expressing neurons within this region. These neurons receive heavy input from auditory brainstem structures, including the inferior colliculus, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nucleus. Due to a discrepancy between sparse rabies and prominent CTb labeling extending from the ipsilateral insular to auditory areas of the cerebral cortex, we also performed anterograde labeling and found many close contacts between cortical boutons and Nps-expressing neurons. These findings suggest an unexpected role for auditory information in controlling the activity of Nps-expressing neurons and add to existing evidence suggesting that rabies is relatively insensitive to retrograde labeling of cortical afferents.