Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

ABSTRACT Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn great attention due to their excellent photovoltaic performance for next‐generation photovoltaics on account of their excellent optoelectrical properties, for example, high defect tolerance, strong absorption coefficient, easy processability, and low cost. Although the performance of small‐area PSCs has achieved over 27% certified efficiency, approaching that of silicon solar cells, large‐scale modules often come with serious issues in device performance and stability reduction. To address these challenges, significant investigations have been made in the development of scale‐up fabrication techniques to enhance large‐area film uniformity and crystalline properties. In this review, the progress on stabilizing the perovskite structure, optimizing device structure, and encapsulation is discussed to give a deep understanding of film decomposition and device degradation mechanisms. Besides, this review provides an overview of strategies aiming at the delicate fabrication of large‐area perovskite films and relevant PSCs and modules while simultaneously improving their stability. The comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of large‐area perovskite film deposition and device degradation paves the way for future commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.